Volume 12 Issue 4
Size Does Matter: Mastectomy Flap Thickness as an Independent Decisional Factor for the Peri-Prosthetic Device Choice in Prepectoral Breast Reconstruction
Juste Kaciulyte,Silvia Sordi,Gianluigi Luridiana,Marco Marcasciano,Federico Lo Torto,Enrico Cavalieri,Luca Codolini,Roberto Cuomo,Warren Matthew Rozen,Ishith Seth,Diego Ribuffo andDonato Casella
1Royal Brompton Hospital, Part of Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NP, UK
2National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
3Department of Medicine, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
4Faculty of Medicine, University of Algiers 1, Algiers 16000, Algeria
5Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
6Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Plymouth, Plymouth PL6 8DH, UK
7Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
8Sheikh Shakhbout Medical City, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 11001, United Arab Emirates
9School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
10All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur 342000, India
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The epidemiological data regarding mortality rates of adults with sarcoidosis and non-ischemic cardiovascular disease (CVD) are limited. A retrospective observational analysis was conducted to identify trends and disparities related to sarcoidosis and non-ischemic cardiovascular disease mortality among the adult US population from 1999 to 2022. Methods: We used the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) WONDER database to extract death certificate data for the adult US population (≥25 years). The age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) per 100,000 persons were calculated, and annual percent changes (APCs) were determined using Joinpoint. Results: Between 1999 and 2022, 23,642 deaths were identified related to non-ischemic CVD + sarcoidosis. The overall AAMR increased from 0.2 (95% CI, 0.2 to 0.3) in 1999 to 0.5 (95% CI, 0.5 to 0.6) in 2022. Females had a higher AAMR than males (0.6 vs. 0.5). Non-Hispanic (NH) blacks had the highest AAMR, followed by NH whites and Hispanic or Latinos. The southern region had the highest AAMR (0.7: 95% CI, 0.6–0.7), followed by the Midwest (0.6, 95% CI, 0.54–0.669), the Northeast (0.5, 95% CI, 0.5 to 0.6), and the West (0.4; 95% CI, 0.3–0.4). Urban and rural areas had comparable mortality rates (0.5 vs. 0.6). People aged 65+ had the highest AAMRs. Conclusions: The overall mortality rates for non-ischemic CVD and sarcoidosis have increased in the US from 1999 to 2022. Females and NH blacks had higher AAMRs, while a minimal variation was observed based on geographical regions. Early diagnosis and prompt management are the keys to reducing the mortality burden of non-ischemic CVD plus sarcoidosis.
Keywords: sarcoidosis; cardiovascular disease; gender; ethnicity; geographic location; COVID-19